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Winchester is an independent city located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the USA. The city's population was 23,585 according to the 2000 U.S. Census. Winchester is the county seat of Frederick County and the principal city of the Winchester, Virginia-West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Winchester with surrounding Frederick county for statistical purposes. Winchester is the home of Shenandoah University.
Around 1000 A.D. early native population included Cacapon, Opequon, Shawnee and Tuscarora tribes. By the Middle Ages, the natural north-south conduit of the Great Appalachian Valley made Winchester a likely place for tribal warfare as bands of Catawba, Cherokee, Delaware, Iroquois, and Shawnee marauded the valley plains for hunting grounds. The first tribe with real control of the valley were the Susquehannocks, who were then raided and expelled by Iroquois around 1600. Supposedly the Iroquois allowed the Shawnee tribe to either village or establish transient campsites here at Shawnee Springs from about 1694 to the mid-1700s, overlapping with the arrival of early Quaker settlers and homesteaders. The father of the historical Shawnee chief Cornstalk had his court here.